Spanish Study Guide - 4B (2)
Vocabulary
El/la trapecista - Trapeze artist
El/la malabarista - Juggler
El/la acróbata - Acrobat
El payaso - Clown
La banda - Band
La taquilla - Ticket office/box office
El boleto - Ticket
La fila - Line
La carpa - Tent
El/la entrenador(a) de animales - Animal trainer
El/la equilibrista - Tightrope walker
El espectáculo - Show
El/la ilusionista - Illusionist
El/la maestro a de ceremonias - Ringmaster
El/la mago/a - Magician
El pato - Duck
El pájaro - Bird
El toro - Bull
El cuerno - Horn
La pata - Leg
La vaca - Cow
El burro - Donkey
El establo - Stable
El pavo - Turkey
La pluma - Feather
El gallo - Rooster
La gallina - Hen
El rabo - Tail
El ratón - Rat
El cerdo - Pig
El conejo - Rabbit
La oveja - Sheep
La cabra - Goat
El cordero - Lamb
El ganso - Goose
La mula - Mule
La ternera - Calf (baby cow)
Grammar - Special Endings: -ísimo/a and -ito/a
A special ending in Spanish is added to an adjective, to basically exaggerate the description. It adds value by using ‘very’, ‘most’, or ‘extremely’, to an adjective. The special ending for this is -ísimo, -ísima, ísimos, or, -ísimas (as it depends on whether the adjective is masculine/femenine, plural/singular).
If you have an adjective which ends in a vowel, the correct -ísimo, -ísima, -ísimos, or, -ísimas should replace that final vowel, even if it is plural, such as -os, -as, etc, you would replace those endings as a whole with -ísimos, or, -ísimas
Ese es un león grande - That is a big lion
Ese es un león grandísimo - That is a very big lion
Notice how the -ísimo, replaced the final -e, in grande
La jaula estaba sucia - The cage was dirty
La jaula estaba sucísima - The cage was very dirty
If the adjective ends in -ble, the -ble changes to -bil in order to add the -ísimo ending
Ese malabarista era amable - That juggler was nice
Ese malabarista era amabilísimo - That juggler was very nice
If the adjective has an accent mark anywhere in the word, then the accent mark is gone when you add an -ísimo ending
Las trapecistas eran rápidas - The trapeze artists were fast
Las trapecistas eran rapidísimas - The trapeze artists were very fast
If an adjective ends in a consonant, like -l, then you just add -ísimo directly to the ending. However, if it is plural (-os, -as, -es, etc.) then again, simply replace the plural as a whole with -ísimos, or, -ísimas.
Era fácil jugar con los payasos - It was easy to play with the clowns
Era facilísimo jugar con los payasos - It was very easy to play with the clowns
La banda tocaba cosas difíciles - The band played difficult things
La banda tocaba cosas dificilísimas - The band played extremely difficult things
If an adjective ends in -co/-ca, -go/-ga, or -z, they require a spelling change for the consonant. The vowel would still be replaced by the correct form of -ísimo, however, only the consonant requires a spelling change
c - qu: comico - comiquísimo
g - gu: larga - larguísima
z - c: feliz - felicísimo
Diminutives are used to show affection, or say something is younger/smaller
To form diminutives replace the final vowel of a noun with: -ito, -ita, -itos, or -itas
Based on gender and number:
perro - perrito
Some words require a spelling change:
poco - poquito
Nouns ending in consonants change the endings to: -cito, -cita, -citos, -citas
collar - collarcito
In different countries another diminutives are: -illo, -illa, -uelo, -uela, -ico, -ica
There are many exceptions, a few common ones are: hotelito - hotel, and Danielito - Daniel
Grammar - Adjective Placement
Adjectives are either masculine/femenine, singular/plural, based off of the noun they are modifying and usually placed after the noun
Era un león feroz - It was a fierce lion
The only exceptions to the rule are: demonstrative adjectives (este, ese, aquel, etc./this, that), adjectives of quantity (mucho, poco/lots, little), cardinal numbers (dos, tres/two, three), interrogative words, (que/what), and indirect adjectives (otro, other)
These adjectives precede (are placed ahead) of the nouns they modify
¿Conoces a ese acróbata? - Do you know that acrobat?
As you can see, contrary to the first example, the adjective ese, is in front of the noun
Vimos pocos osos - We saw a few bears
Había seis malabaristas en el circo - Her were six jugglers in the circus
¿Qué payaso preferías? - What clown did you prefer?
El otro payaso es mexicano - The other clown is Mexican
An adjective which is used to describe a permanent characteristic is usually placed in front of the noun being described
La blanca nieve era linda - The white snow was pretty
White is a permanent characteristic of snow, which is shown as placed ahead of the noun
Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.) usually precede a noun, but may be placed after a noun in headings or titles
Este es el primer circo del año - This is the first circus of the year
However in a title, or heading instance:
Juan Carlos I (Primero) - Juan Carlos I (the First)
In the heading instance, I (Primero) was placed after the noun Juan Carlos, instead of before
Cardinal numbers (one, two, three, etc.) precede ordinal numbers if both are used in one sentence, and refer to the same noun
Eran los dos primeros niños en la fila - They were the first two children in the line
Many common adjectives can be used before or after the nouns they describe, depending on the sentence and the adjectives
Before a masculine singular noun, bueno becomes buen, and malo becomes mal
Era un buen trapecista - Era un trapecista bueno
With the use of buen, it is before the noun, with bueno, it is after
Él no era un mal acróbata - Él no era un acróbata malo
According to their placement in a sentence, an adjective could change meaning. Such as grande, with means great if placed before a noun, but big if placed after a noun
Es un gran circo - It is a great circus
Es un circo grande - It is a big circus
Here are more adjectives with changing means based on placement
viejo (after) - old (elderly); viejo (before) - old (have known for a long time)
pobre (after) - poor (without much money); poor (before) - pitiful
mismo (after) - himself; mismo (before) - same
nuevo (after) - new (never-owned); nuevo (before) - new (new to the owner, but may have been previously owned)
If two or more adjectives are describing the same noun, you can place them in these ways:
Place all after the noun, while connecting the last two, or only two, with y (and)
If it follows the preceding rules, then you can place one before, or one or more after the noun
The shorter, more personal (subjective, opinionated, such as a character trait), like adjectives will usually precede the noun
Era el primer circo grande y bueno del año
It was the first good, big circus of the year
Grammar - Possessive Adjectives: Long Forms
You can show possession in Spanish by using de (of) + a noun or pronoun
Also, you can show possession by using the short form possessive adjectives: mi(s), tu(s), su(s), nuestro(s), vuestro(s), vuestra(s)
Similarly, there are long form possessive adjectives:
The long form possessive adjectives must agree with both gender and number, instead of just number
Esa la vaca mía - That is my cow
¿Es ese el burro tuyo? - Is that your donkey?
Este es el gallo nuestro - This is our rooster
¿Son estos los conejos suyos? - Are these your rabbits?
Todos esos son animales nuestros - All of those are our animals
Possessive adjectives could be used immediately after a form of ser, a form which the adjective must agree with
¿Son suyos? - Are they yours?
Sí, son nuestros - Yes, they are ours
As usual, if you want to clarify a sentence using suyo(s), suya(s), use a prepositional pronoun to clarify
¿Son las ovejas suyas?
Since you don’t know who exactly suyas is going to, use this instead:
¿Son las ovejas de Ud./de él/de ella/de Uds./de ellos/de ellas?
Are the sheep yours/his/hers/yours/theirs?
Possessive pronouns can be used in place of a combination of a possessive adjective + noun. These are made by putting a definite article in front of the long form of the possessive adjectives.
Veo tu toro y el mío también - I see your bull and mine, too
Mis ovejas están gordas y también lo están las tuyas - My sheep are fat and so are yours
Notice in these sentences how they don’t repeat the noun, but instead replace it with a definite article
¿Es ese pavo el nuestro? - Is that turkey ours?
Nuestros gallos so n esos y los suyos son estos - Our roosters are (those ones) over there and yours are (these ones) over here
Lo is used as a direct object pronoun, but can also serve as an equivalent for how + adjective/adverb if used correctly. To form that equivalent, use this formula:
lo + adjective/adverb + que
¿Sabes lo grandes que son las fincas? - Do you know how big the farms are?
Uds. saben lo cerca que está la finca - You know how close the farm is
Remember lo stays consistent, and does not change upon whether the adjective is singular or plural, masculine or femenine
Culture
The Social Circus
Do you have any talent for working in a circus? Do you know magic, are you an Acrobat or do you have the courage to put your head in the mouth of a lion? In the city of Choluteca, Honduras, many young Hondurans have a great chance: To meet, to have fun, to learn to work in a circus, and to grow as people. The government of this city participates in the global program called "Social Circus," which helps marginalized youth, that is, people who have social problems. The program uses circus arts to educate. with fun, you learn culture, share ideas and develop skills to work artistically. Each participant can be what he likes best: Juggler, trapeze player, acrobat, clown, magician, or play in a music band. They may develop one or more skills. They learn to work on the technical part, such as stage, lights or costumes, and help at the box office for ticket sales. A very important part of Social Circus is strict training.And while you learn circus activities, the main goal is to learn discipline and good behavior. Another important element of Social Circus is understanding emotions. Young people learn that feelings are a form of exchange and dialog between artists and the audience. Achieving these goals will give them many advantages in life. The Social Circus is open to all and prepares young people to be better individuals in society.
Street Theater
Does street theater exist in your community? Street theater is a form of popular expression, where groups of actors represent street plays. With few elements, they entertain pedestrians with free shows. At the end of the work, artists usually can collaborate with the public, which puts the money in a cap. In the city of Choluteca, Honduras, is the theater company Abba Dei. A group of students at this school decided to do street theater in a very particular way: They played a news story they watched on TV every week! This group of young actors, joined with its director, aimed to represent the social problems of Honduras. In that way, people who walked the street gathered to see a show and have fun, and above all to become socially aware of what happens every day. Every week, the street theater group chose a topical theme, such as gangs and robberies. Then they prepared the work to convey the theme in a fun way with a precise message: To make people think of ways to have a better society. After this experience, the director plans to make a film and invites young people to use their time productively. The doors of the theater are open to all. It is not necessary to have theater studies: Only to have the desire to be a good example for youth.
Practise
Every year, Hondurans perform street theater to present the oldest play in Honduras, called "The Martyrdom of San Sebastian''. This work came to Honduras with the first religious at the time of the conquest, and tells the story between the struggle of Christian and non-Christian Romans. Today, young people from different educational centers represent the fun work of all the people who gather in the street and to remember this historical fact. This work was presented in Honduras for more than 370 consecutive years.
Revitalization of Public Spaces in Central America
On October 29, 2016, many recreational parks in Central America became crowded. But they were not turistic. They were volunteers from USAD and Glasswng International who, working with local volunteers, were involved in remodeling public spaces. Through the Hands for Work NOW movement, young volunteers in Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Costa Rica worked simultaneously to revitalize public spaces in the Central American region. In the Children's Amusement Park of San Salvador, young Salvadorans painted games, revitalized murals, and planted plants. At the same time, in Tegucigalpa, Honduran children, youth, and university students planted trees in the Cerro Juana Lainez Park area as part of an afforestation project. There were other groups revitalizing four children's areas. Also, in Justo Rufino Barrios Park, in Guatemala City, volunteers worked reforestation, repaired tables and chairs, and installed games with recycled tires. Hands on Work NOW was the largest volunteer project in the region. This great initiative invited Central American youth to help renovate public specios and schools. The goal was to involve residents in improving the spaces of their own community. Approximately 5,000 young people participated throughout the region.
Perspectives
In many Latin American countries, including Honduras, the recreation of citizens is a constitutional right. In Honduras, only mothers and children have this right. Why do you think they don't mention men?
A Park Has New Life
Before February 26, 2018, Cerro Juana Lainez Park in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, received 50 visitors a week. When the renovated park opened that day, more than 30,000 people entered! What used to be a poorly lit, dangerous place used by criminals is now a green area, full of trees and gardens, attractions for children and space for sports of all kinds. It is a welcome change for residents. The renovation was carried out by the government, volunteer groups and private organizations. The hope of the president of Honduras is that the park, with its beautiful panorama of the capital, will be a safe and healthy place to exercise and promote fun.
Products
The Tegucigalpa Ecology Foundation (FET) is a private non-profit organization (NGO). Its main objectives are the restoration and reforestation of green areas and the improvement of urban life in the cities of Honduras. He was an important contributor to the restoration of Cerro Juana Lainez Park.
Perspectives
From a collection of wisdom about the parks of the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo, the phrase came out: "In the parks every day is Sunday". What does this phrase tell us about Hispanic philosophy? Do you agree?
The Art Corner
Part of improving public spaces is reducing waste. What better way to do this than to use trash to create art? Salvadoran artist Simon Vega is fascinated by space technology: Rockets, satellites and spaceships. In contrast, their mothers come from the Earth: From the garbage of the streets and the beaches. To create his sculptures with the aeronautical theme, he uses materials such as plastic, wood and paper found in the marginal areas of San Salvador and other poor cities of Central America. What message does the artist give us when he uses materials from Central American garbage to create art that represents futuristic technology?
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