Spanish Study Guide - 10B (1B)
Preterite Tense Verbs
Act 1: Conjugate the correct present tense verb.
Look at the 9B study guide if you want more information on these.
leer (irregular)
oír (irregular)
ver (irregular)
decir (irregular)
hacer (irregular)
tener (irregular)
ir + ser (irregular)
ir + er (regular verbs)
-ar (irregular verbs)
Present Tense Verbs
Act 2: Conjugate the correct present tense verb.
There are three irregular -er verbs which only have an irregular yo form. The verbs and their yo forms are hacer - hago, saber - sé, and ver - veo.
-ar ending verbs (regular)
-er ending verbs (regular)
-ir ending verbs (regular)
ser (irregular)
estar (irregular)
ir (irregular)
decir (irregular)
OD and OI
Act 3: Write sentences using the indirect and direct object.
OD
The object being directly affected by the verb
Me, te, lo, los, la, las, nos, os
Note - if you have 2 verbs, you have two different ways to rewrite the sentence
ex) Yo como la comida
Yo la como
Yo monto la bicicleta
Yo la monto
Yo voy a montar la bicicleta
Yo la voy a montar
Yo voy a montarla
OI
a/para usually highlights the indirect object
Me, te, le, les, nos, os
ex) Ella lleva zapatos para nosotros
Ella nos lleva zapatos
ex) Yo compro comida para ustedes
Yo les compro comida
OI + OD
If you only have one verb, place the OI pronoun before the OD pronoun when placing it before the verb.
If you have 2 similar sounds (lo les, las les) then you change the OI to se.
ex) Yo compro la comida para ustedes
Yo se la compro
Vocab
Act 4: Find the intruder in a list of vocab words.
If you want to study vocab - pages in the textbook are below:
Unit 1 - 47
Unit 2 - 107
Unit 3 - 159
Unit 4 - 215
Unit 5 - 267
Unit 6 - 321
Unit 7 - 375
Unit 8 - 431
Unit 9 - 489
Culture
Act 5: Answer questions about the Mayans and Guatemala.
Mayan Civilization
Ancient Mayan civilization was one of the most fascinating and influential cultures in the history of our world. Located in the tropical forest of America (in what is today Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and El Salvador), Mayan cities, such as Tikal or Chichen Itza, were great centers of scientific and artistic development. When the Spaniards arrived in Guatemala 500 years ago, many allowed them to maintain much of their own culture and traditions. Today, the descendants of the Mayans still live on the limits of their ancient empire. Guatemala, considered the cradle of the Maya civilization, retains a very active Mayan population. Of the nearly six million Mayans, the majority live in Guatemala. A very important part of Mayan culture is language. Today, more than 40 percent of Guatemalans speak an indigenous language. Many of them feel more comfortable chatting in their native language than in Spanish. As before, most Mayans continue to live from agriculture. They grow corn and beans in the same way as their ancestors. Today's Mayan religion combines its ancient rituals with the Catholic religion. Still in some ceremonies Catholic images with Mayan gods are worshiped. Another important aspect of Mayan culture that is still present is its scientific advances. The Mayans invented a 365-day calendar, similar to the one we use now. Without computers or telescopes, the Mayans could predict the movements of the solar and lunar planets and eclipses to the nearest second. Its numeric system was similar to the binary system we used in computers and included the concept of zero. The ancient Mayan empire suddenly disappeared, but its descendants still inhabit Central America and have a rich heritage.
Tikal
Tikal, the ancient city of the Mayas, is one of the most fascinating archeological sites in the world. This Mayan city-state is located in a remote jungle between Mexico and y Guatemala. Its main attraction is that much of this city is yet to be explored. Today you can still see archeologists working on these ruins. Tikal continues to give us even more information that allows us to know how the Mayas lived. Tikal was inhabited from the 6th century B.C. to the 10th century A.D. The Mayan art and writing that archaeologists discover in Tikal contain stories of battles, religious ceremonies, sacrifices and torture. We also know that Mayan cities-states like Tikal prospered as centers of agriculture and commerce. The main exchange currency was cocoa beans. Today chocolate sique is part of many dishes of the Mayan descendants. The art and architecture of the Mayans are still of great importance in modern civilizations. Their art can be seen in the beauty of clay, stone and jade objects found in Tikal. The architecture of the pyramid terraces and detailed planning of Tikal are signs of the sophisticated engineering of the Maya. The Great Jaguar Temple in Tikal is the most well known Mayan building. It is called the Grand Jaguar because there is a jaguar carved in the lintel of the main temple door. The temple has a pyramid shape, with nine terraces and a staircase that runs from the base to the top of the pyramid. Today, the descendants of the Mayans still live in houses similar to those of their ancestors, with walls constructed of cane and adobe, and thatched roofs.
Popol Vuh
Popol Vuh is the sacred book of the Mayans. It was written in Guatemala in the 16th century. His myths and stories speak of the origin of the world, humans and the Mayan Empire. The expression Popol Vuh in the Quiché language literally means "book of the mat". For the Mesoamerican, the mats were a symbol of the authority of the kings. Popol Vuh speaks first of the creation of the world. Then he says the gods want to create people who speak and worship them. They create animals, but animals do not speak. They create men of mud, but they cannot move. Then they create wooden men, but they have no intelligence. Finally, they create corn men. The original Popol Vuh, written in the language of the ancient Mayans, was lost, but there is a Spanish translation made by a religious in the time of the Spanish Conquest. The book is divided into three parts. The first is a description of the creation, the second describes the adventures of the semidioses Hunahpu and Xbalanque, and the third is a detailed history of the origin of the indigenous peoples of Guatemala. On the next page, you will read an excerpt from Part Three, Chapter I.
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