Spanish Study Guide 2B (2)
Vocabulary
La oreja - Ear
El ojo - Eye
La nariz - Nose
La boca - Mouth
La espalda - Back
La lengua - Tongue
Los dientes - Teeth
La cara - Face
El codo - Elbow
El cuello - Neck
El hombro - Shoulder
El pecho - Chest
La rodilla - Knee
El cuerpo - Body
La ceja - Eyebrow
La cintura - Waist
La frente - Forehead
El labio - Lip
La mejilla - Cheek
La pestaña - Eyelash
La uña - Nail
La medicina - Medecine
Preguntarse - To wonder
El corazón - Heart
La garganta - Throat
El estómago - Stomach
Descansar - To rest
(Hacer) ejercicio - (To do) Exercise
Dormirse (ue, u) (temprano) - To fall asleep (early)
No fumar - No smoking (To not smoke)
No broncearse - To not tan
(No comer) Comida rápida - (To not eat) Food quickly
Pescar - To fish
El pez - Fish
Los peces - Fish (plural)
(No) pescar un resfriado - To catch a cold
Irse - Leave (ir but reflexive)
Divertirse (ie, i) - To have fun (reflexive)
La caña de pescar - Fishing rod
La fogata - Campfire
El río - River
La tienda de campaña - Tent
Grammar - Verbs That are Similar to Gustar
There are verbs in Spanish which seem reflexive, but have a similar composition to the verb gustar
These verbs begin with an indirect object pronoun
me (yo), te (tú), le (Ud./él/ella), nos (nosotros), os (vosotros), les (Uds./ellos/ellas)
These irregular verbs consist of:
hacer falta - to be necessary, to be lacking
Les hace falta hacer más ejercicio
They need to do more exercise
importar - to be important, to matter
No me importa
It does not matter to me
parecer - to seem
¿Te parece difícil?
Does it seem difficult to you?
doler (ue) - to hurt, to suffer pain from
A Fernando le duelen las piernas
Fernando’s legs hurt
Notice how all of these seem like a reflexive verb, however it is not; it is a verb like gustar which you would use with an indirect object pronoun
In addition, you would only use the singular, or plural (él/ella/Ud., or ellos/ellas/Uds.) form of the verbs
Whichever one you use is based off of the noun following the verb
For example:
Me duele la cabeza
Take note of how la cabeza is singular, so duele is singular
Me duelen los oídos
In this los oídos is singular, so duelen is plural
You can use the first column of the table to state specific people
For example, since le and les can be anyone (they’re both él/ella/Ud. And ellos/ellas/Uds.) you can use the following formula to specify who you’re talking about
A ella le duele la cabeza
In this example, it is specified that the girl, or a girl’s head was hurting
The formula is A + whatever pronoun + indirect object pronoun + verb + noun
Grammar - Reflexive Verbs
In Spanish, if you make a verb reflexive its meaning can be different
comer (to eat) - comerse (to eat up)
divertir (ie, i) (to entertain) - divertirse (ie,i) (to have fun)
dormir (ue, u) (to sleep) - dormirse (ue, u) (to fall asleep)
ir (to go) - irse (to leave/to go away)
llevar (to take, to carry) - llevarse (to get along)
preguntar (to ask) - preguntarse (to wonder, to ask yourself)
Compare the following:
Diana duerme mucho. Se duerme rápido.
Diana sleeps a lot. She falls asleep fast.
Although the two verbs seem exactly alike in English, the person doing them is doing two different actions.
One says she sleeps which is simply just a verb.
The reflexive says she falls asleep, saying that she is making herself sleep.
Some reflexive verbs in Spanish do not look reflexive in English.
Some examples:
acostumbrarse - to get used to
broncearse - to tan
caerse - to fall down
despedirse (i, i) - to say goodbye
equivocarse - to make a mistake
olvidarse - to forget
reunirse - to get together
sentirse (ie, i) - to feel
caer(se) (preterite)
The present form of caer(se) is regular, except for the yo form, (me) caigo.
Remember that if a verb has the complement se attached to the end of it, they want you to conjugate that verb for a reflexive.
Also remember that if you have any verb, or preposition, right before the reflexive, then make the reflexive infinitive and attach the proper complement to the end of it.
Grammar - Prepositions
List of Prepositions
a - to, a
al lado de - next to
antes de - before
cerca de - near/close to
con - with
de - from, of
desde - from, since
después de - after
en - in, on
hasta - until, even
lejos de - far from
para - for
por - by, because of (for)
sin - without
sobre - on, about
In Spanish, the only verb form which can be used after a preposition is an infinitive.
Examples:
Voy a estudiar después de descansar media hora. - I am going to study after resting for a half hour
Juan nunca va a Canadá sin ir a pescar. - Juan never goes to Canada without going fishing.
Like an infinitive verb, if you have a reflexive verb after a preposition, then the complement must be attached to the infinitive form of the reflexive.
Examples:
Después de levantarte, debes bañarte. - After getting up, you should bathe.
Después de bañarme, yo me visto. - After bathing, I get dressed.
Nosotros salimos sin despedirnos. - We left without saying goodbye.
Grammar - Reflexive Preterite Verbs
For preterite tense you would use the same formula as usual
This time, the complement only goes before the verb, unless there is a conjugated verb or para right before the reflexive verb
If there is a conjugated verb or para then the complement goes after the infinitive of the reflexive verb
Me bañe - I took a bath
Ella se vistió - She got dressed
Estuviste bañarte
Since the verb before the reflexive is conjugated, you would do an infinitive + complement on the reflexive verb
Same formula if para is placed before the reflexive verb in a sentence
Conjugate your preterite verb like usual, and just add me, te, se, nos, os, or, se right before the verb
Even when making a sentence negative, if your verb is reflexive, never separate the verb and complement
Add the negative before the complement
Grammar - Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive verbs are used to indicate someone performing an activity on themselves
For example, you add se to the end of a verb to say that someone is doing an activity reflected back on themselves
cepillar (to comb) - cepillarse (to comb one's own hair)
Reflexive verbs are conjugated the same as non reflexive verbs, but have a pronoun attached to them to make the verb reflexive
Reflexive verbs should be attached to the end of an infinitive (future), or present progressive verb:
Marta se va a maquillar would become Marta va a maquillarse
Marta is going to put on makeup
Marta se está maquillando would become Marta está maquillándose
Marta is putting on makeup
maquillarse
When using reflexive words, you would put the definite article before nouns which are personal items
Don't use possessive adjectives when talking about these
Some examples of personal items are clothing and parts of the body
Yo me pongo las botas - I put on my boots
When you have the word para or a conjugated verb right before the reflexive, you would write the infinitive + complement for the reflexive verb:
Para bañarme
Necesitas quitarte
Remember that when making a verb reflexive, you're adding the complement to the whole verb
Since you’re doing this, if you’re negating a sentence, the negative word goes before the verb
Culture
Feeling Good Naturally
Natural medicine has existed for thousands of years. Today, many people opt for complementary medicine, that is, that in addition to visiting their doctor, they perform other natural procedures to maintain good health. Hispanics pay a lot of attention to natural remedies, so many botanics or herbalists can be found in Hispanic communities in the United States. These places are "pharmacies" of natural products, such as herbs or medicinal plants. It is a cultural custom among many Hispanics to try to heal by natural means, without chemicals. For example, many houses have an aloe vera plant and when someone burns, they use the substance of that plant. When someone hurts their stomach, they take chamomile or coriander tea. In some Spanish-speaking countries, when your head hurts, you put slices of potato on your face. In other countries, maize (corn) hairs are used for foot inflammations. This practice among Hispanics of using plants is increasingly popular among other communities seeking the perfect balance between orthodox medicine and nature.
Products
The herbarium of the National Medical Center XXI Century, in the capital of Mexico, has the largest collection of medicinal plants in the American continent. These plants were used by traditional doctors from the Mixtecs, Mayans and other indigenous groups.
The Importance of Medical Interpreters
How do we feel when we want to communicate with someone and the other person does not understand? What if we're in another country, we go to the hospital, and we don't understand what the doctor says? Surely we feel bad, frustrated and desperate. Fortunately, there are interpreters. Many people arrive in the United States from Hispanic countries who have to go to the hospital and do not speak English. For that reason, hospitals in the United States have, by law, an interpreter service available. The medical interpreter is a passionate professional who chose that job for the purpose of helping. The interpreter wants to serve as a bridge between two languages and two cultures. His greatest satisfaction is to clarify all the doubts in the dialog between the patient and the doctor. It feels good by removing language barriers and helping others. The medical interpreter helps the patient fill out forms before the doctor's appointment. During the appointment, when cultural differences between physician and patient make the process of medical treatment difficult, the medical interpreter uses his human side to explain to the physician the patient's customs and traditions, in order to achieve a better understanding between the two. He is specially trained to convey precise messages, is motivated and feels good at helping.
Perspectives
For many indigenous people in Peru, the concept of health is not just about feeling good physically and mentally. Health also means being in harmony with family, community, and animals. So when an indigenous person is sick, what does the traditional doctor treat? (a) only the sick, (b) only the pet of the sick, (c) the sick and his family.
Medical Services and Hispanic Immigrants
When they arrive in the United States, Hispanic immigrants must find home and work, learn English, and care for themselves and their children in a new health system. Few Hispanic immigrants have health insurance. If their job offers insurance, many Hispanics do not earn enough money to pay the monthly premiums. Fortunately, there is a system of community health centers, one of the largest health care and prevention systems in the country. These centers offer health services to everyone, without questioning their immigration status or whether they have health insurance. In general, the centers are located in areas of high poverty. In 2015, more than 22,000,000 people were treated and 35 percent were Hispanic. Despite the existence of community centers, many Hispanics do not use them. There are many reasons. Some do not trust doctors and prefer to see a healer in their country. Healers use natural remedies for common conditions, such as flu or indigestion. Another problem is fear. Children of illegal immigrants are citizens and are entitled, for example, to programs such as Medicaid. But parents do not enroll children because they are afraid of deportation if they enroll in a federal program. Another problem is fear. Children of illegal immigrants are citizens and are entitled, for example, to programs such as Medicaid. But parents do not enroll children because they are afraid of deportation if they enroll in a federal program. One cause of optimism is the Binational Health Week program organized by the governments of Mexico and the United States. Its objective is to mobilize all health-related agencies to improve the health and well-being of the migrant population.
Products
Every region of the Hispanic world has its own natural remedies to cure diseases. Epazote, for example, is a herb that grows in Central America. The Aztecs and Mayans used it to treat intestinal parasites in people and animals. This herb is also used when preparing beans to avoid intestinal gas from eating them.
Traditional Medicine in Latin America
In Colombia and many Latin American countries, traditional medicine is considered a complement to conventional Western medicine. Traditional medicine comes from the knowledge of the diverse cultures that live in these countries. In Peru, there are mystical healers called "shamans". They practice holistic medicine based on traditional Inca methods: They use herbs, magic words, energy, songs and meditation. Bolivia officially recognizes indigenous medicine. Bolivian healers use a combination of herbs, psychology and religious rituals.
Perspectives
The indigenous peoples of Bolivia honor the goddess Pchamama (Mother Earth). They think that when we do not obey the Pachamama, it causes us diseases. Why do you think people get sick?
The Art Corner
Artist Zulia Gotay de Anderson was born in Puerto Rico. He now lives in Texas and paints on many topics. Portraits (portraits) of women of the village, in everyday clothes, predominate. They are quiet, do not look directly at the artist, and are surrounded by trees or flowers. Women are reading, washing clothes, cooking or - as in this portrait - working. Based on what you read in the last readings, who do you think is the woman in the portrait and what do you think she is doing?
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